Copper

Metabolism

Copper is a cofactor of several enzymes (known as “cuproenzymes”) involved in energy production, iron metabolism, neuropeptide activation, connective tissue synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis.

Regulatory function

Copper is also involved in many physiological processes such as angiogenesis; neurohormone homeostasis; and regulation of gene expression, brain development, pigmentation, and immune system function.

Antioxidant

In addition, protection against oxidative damage is mainly dependent on copper superoxide dismutase.

Copper deficiency symptoms:

Adults require 900 mcg per day, pregnant women 1000 mcg, lactating women 1300 mcg.